Background and Objectives: Brucellosis is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases, particularly prevalent in livestock-rearing regions such as Dargaz County. Factors including proximity to borders, extensive animal husbandry activities, and the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products contribute to the elevated risk of infection. This study aimed to accurately estimate the true prevalence of brucellosis and comprehensively evaluate the health surveillance system in Dargaz in 2024, utilizing the capture–recapture statistical method.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive–analytical study was based on 37 brucellosis cases reported by the county’s public health surveillance system in 2024. To enhance accuracy and assess potential underreporting, additional data were collected from complementary sources such as hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and diagnostic laboratories. Datasets were integrated using capture–recapture methodology, and analyses were performed using R software. Coverage of family physician services was also assessed.
Results: Final analysis estimated the actual number of cases to be approximately 45, indicating a 22% increase over official surveillance data. Over 80% of patients resided in rural areas, predominantly within the 20–40 age group. Despite full coverage of the family physician program, an average diagnostic delay of 10 days and limited coordination—especially with pharmacies—were identified as major system challenges.
Conclusion: The capture–recapture method played a vital role in identifying hidden cases, evaluating surveillance completeness, and highlighting documentation gaps. This study underscores the importance of enhancing intersectoral coordination, accelerating diagnosis, expanding preventive education, and strengthening data-driven infrastructure to achieve sustainable and precise brucellosis control.