Periodontal diseases are recognized as some of the most common conditions among large and small breed dogs, significantly impacting their health and quality of life. This article reviews the latest findings on the etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases in dogs. These diseases are multifactorial, with microbial, intrinsic, and environmental factors, such as living conditions, playing a significant role in their induction and progression. The onset of the disease begins with the formation of dental plaque, and pet owners often visit the veterinarian with complaints of bad breath or halitosis. However, diagnosing the disease at its early stage is generally challenging for veterinarians. Diagnosis is typically based on a comprehensive oral examination and dental radiography, but in advanced cases of periodontitis, tooth mobility or gingivitis may also be observed. The primary treatment is tooth extraction, although scaling can be effective in the early stages of the disease. In more advanced cases, surgery is considered an effective intervention. Prevention of the disease is based on maintaining oral hygiene and consistent tooth brushing. Given the importance of early diagnosis and understanding the factors influencing the occurrence of periodontal disease, this article provides critical information on early diagnostic approaches, preventive strategies, and treatment options.