https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/ Animal Health and Infectious Diseases en daily 1 Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Thu, 25 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_720006.html Background: There are significant differences in the layers of the esophagus among various animal species. These differences are largely unknown in exotic animals. In this histological and histometrical study the esophagus of Hemiechinus auritus was concerned.Materials and Methods: After the euthanised steps the esophagus of animal was isolated and the preparation of tissue sections completed. Sections stained with Hematoxylin Eosin, Periodic Acid Schiff, Alcian blue and combination of Alcian blue and PAS methods.Results: The epithelium of esophagus in Hemiechinus auritus is keratinized stratified squamous. The thickness of the esophagus epithelium decreases from the beginning towards the cardia. In the first third of the esophagus the border of the lamina propria and the submucosa is not distinctive but in the last two third this thin layer is cleared. The muscularis mucosa is not presence in the first third and is discontinuous and thin in the middle third. In last third the muscularis mucosa is continuous. The submucosal layer is composed of a loose connective tissue and there are collagen and elastic fibers, nerve, lymph and blood vessels. There are submucosal glands at the beginning of the esophagus that secret mucus and their density decreases towards the end. The muscular layer of the esophagus is thicker than other layers. All of these layers are made up of striated muscle. Conclusion: The histological structure of the esophagus in different animals, especially in mammals, has significant differences, most of which are related to their diet. The hedgehog esophagus also has similarities with herbivores and carnivores, due to its omnivorous diet. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_725104.html Background and Objective: Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases, and its prevalence in humans is closely related to the occurrence of the disease in animals. People who are in direct contact with livestock, such as veterinarians, farmers, and slaughterhouse workers, are at higher risk of contracting this disease. Brucellosis is considered a major health and economic problem in many countries in the Middle East, including Iran. Human infection with brucellosis occurs through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated dairy products. According to studies conducted in Lorestan province, which show contamination of both animals and humans with brucellosis, and considering that veterinary staff are considered a high-risk group due to their contact with animals, this study was conducted to diagnose the acute form of brucellosis in veterinary staff in Lorestan province using the indirect ELISA method.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019. A total of 92 veterinary staff members with a history of contact with livestock, who voluntarily agreed to participate, were included in the study. Ten milliliters of blood were collected from each participant. The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory, where the serum was separated from the blood samples using a centrifuge. The serum was then tested for Brucella antibodies using the indirect ELISA kit.Findings and Conclusion: Out of the 92 samples tested, 14 samples (15.21%) were positive, 72 samples (78.26%) were negative, and 6 samples (6.52%) were suspicious. The present study indicates that brucellosis is present among veterinary staff in Lorestan province, which may be attributed to their occupation and increased contact with livestock. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_719964.html Abstract:Background and Objective: For many years, doctors and medicine have been thinking about shortening the wound healing time, finding a way to heal the wound as quickly as possible. This study was conducted in order to investigate the healing properties of wild parsnip leaf extract ointment in full-thickness wounds of rats and compare it with phenytoin ointment. Methods: In this study, after induction of anesthesia by Ketamine and Xylazine, a wound was created on the back of each of the rats. Classification of wound healing in 4 groups including: first group: no treatment (GA), second group: treatment with Oserin (ointment base) (GB), third group: treatment with Mespilus germanica leaf extract ointment (GC) and fourth group: They were treated with phenytoin ointment (GD). Wounds were treated and measured by analyzing images using Scion-Image software. For microscopic studies, samples were taken from the healing site on days 3, 7, 9, 12 and 15. Wound healing was noted for all treatment groups. The data was analyzed with SPSS22 software. ANOVA results showed that there is a significant difference between the treated groups (GA, GB, GC and GD) (p<0.05).Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between day 7 and other days (3, 9, 12 and 15) (p<0.05). Also, the effectiveness of the drugs on the 7th day showed that the ointment of extracted M. germanica leaf had a more effective and stronger effect on wound healing than the drugs Oserin and Phenytoin (the Sig obtained for the 7th day was less than 0.05). It should be noted that there was no significant difference between Oserin and Phenytoin (p>0.05). Histopathological results showed that the effectiveness of M. germanica leaf extract on day 7 was more than other drugs (phenytoin and oserin).Conclusion: Today, in the field of veterinary medicine, significant progress has been made in the field of wound healing and surgical procedures with minimal wound and damage. However, the issue of healing the wound as quickly as possible with less infection and a better healing process is very important and vital. According to the research conducted in this study, it was concluded that there is no significant difference between any of the treatments.Key words: Oserin wild parsnip, phenytoin ointment, Wound healing https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_721917.html AbstractBackground and Objective: Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by a highly pathogenic, Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium called Coxiella burnetii. Herds of cattle, sheep, and goats are the main reservoirs of this disease, but many other animal species can also become infected and shed the organism through milk. Consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products is considered a common method for the transmission of this infection from animals to humans. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in raw sheep and goat milk in Alishtar County.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from March 2015 to May 2015. A total of 202 sheep and goat milk samples were randomly collected from the villages surrounding Alishtar County and were tested for the presence of Coxiella burnetii using the nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR) method.Findings and Conclusion: In this study, 202 samples were tested, of which 1 out of 60 goat samples (2%) and 6 out of 142 sheep milk samples (4%) were positive for the specific genome of Coxiella burnetii. According to the descriptive statistics table regarding all collected data from different seasons and regions, it was observed that approximately 97% of the samples were negative and about 3% were positive. Overall, the results of this research indicated that sheep and goat milk could be a potential reservoir for Coxiella burnetii in Iran. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_719965.html Abstract Background:Many factors can cause damage to the skin.In general,these factors are divided into internal and external categories.Among the internal factors,there are immunological,hereditary, congenital,age, metabolic, hormonal and emotional factors. External factors can also be mentioned as physical,chemical,infectious or biological factors .A wound is defined as any break or break in the skin or mucous membranes, which is caused by physical, chemical or biological factors. In other words, the loss of integrity of the skin or mucous membranes is called a wound.Materials and Methods: For this study, 24 male rats with a specific weight range were obtained from the laboratory animal breeding center of Razi Institute. The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups of twelve. Group one: the control group of twelve that received no medication other than water and food. Group two: a group of twelve that received a four-component spray, applied daily from a distance of one centimeter at a 45-degree angle to the wound site. The Leohill spray contained the four components in a commercially combined form and was prepared in the required amount.Results:Based on the results obtained and the investigation of the healing process of the third degree burn wound from this study, the quadruple spray did not work successfully in any of the examined items of the healing process of the third degree burn wound. Conclusion:In total and by evaluating all the factors, it can be concluded that the quadruple spray does not have an effective effect on the recovery and healing of 3rd degree burn wounds alone https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726772.html Background and Objective: Nowadays, the spread of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains containing tetracycline resistance genes is considered as one of the major health concerns worldwide. The main reason for their spread is the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns and the frequency of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC) in total isolates of poultry bacillus in Ilam city. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 on one hundred and fifty APEC isolates collected from total cases of poultry bacillus in 20 broiler flocks in Ilam city. Standard bacteriological and biochemical tests were used to determine the identity of the isolates. The isolates were stored at -20°C in nutrient broth in the presence of 15% glycerol for subsequent steps. To determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolated strains, disc diffusion was used according to the Kirby-Boer method based on the CLSI. In the PCR test, specific primers were used to prove the presence of tetA, tetB and tetC genes in the studied isolates.Findings: The results of the study of the phenotypic antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains producing colibacillosis showed that the highest level of antibiotic resistance was against tetracycline antibiotics. The results of the PCR test using specific primers to detect and identify the gene encoding the efflux pump tetA, tetB and tetC showed that 130 isolates (86.67%) had the tetA gene, 47 isolates (31.3%) had the tetB gene and only 9 isolates (6%) had the tetC gene.Conclusion: The high frequency of microbial resistance genes to tetracycline in total isolates of poultry bacillus indicates the indiscriminate use of tetracycline antibiotics in poultry farms in the study area. It is necessary to perform an antibiogram before treating the disease to prevent the emergence and spread of resistance in the bacterial population at the flock level. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_722046.html Organisms that colonize the body of a living host form a holobiome with their host. Holobioms are networks of mutualistic interactions between host cells and communities of microorganisms. Fungi are among these microorganisms and are also known to infect humans and animals. These organisms are associated with a wide range of diseases as superficial or systemic infections. Fungi as a mycobiome can also alter host physiology and metabolism, energy absorption, vitamin-cofactor availability, immune system development and function, and even host behavior. Yeasts are unicellular organisms. The most important yeast genera in cats are Malassezia, Cryptococcus, Candida, and Trichosporon. In dogs and cats, yeasts preferentially colonize moist areas such as mucous membranes, skin mucosa, folds, areas between the toes, and ears.The objective of this study was to investigate yeast and yeast-like fungi in the oral flora of kittens in Khorramabad City. In this study, samples (gingival mucosa, dental and periodontal biofilm) were obtained from 50 kittens that did not appear to have oral and dental problems. The samples were then cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol and olive oil to facilitate isolation and identification. Following a week of incubation, the colonies that appeared were examined in terms of colony morphology, pigment color, and Gram staining. Additionally, modified Dixon culture medium was employed to isolate Malassezia. The results indicated that among the 50 samples examined, 10 samples (20%) were positive for yeast presence. Of the samples that tested positive for yeast, three (30%) contained Malassezia yeast, while four (40%) were found to be infected with Candida yeast. The study's findings suggest that the composition of the normal oral flora of cats may be pathogenic under certain circumstances. This knowledge can be used to inform the selection of a therapeutic approach for the treatment of oral diseases. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_729511.html Background and Objective:Each pathotype of Escherichia coli possesses its own specific virulence factors, which make them significant from both medical and veterinary perspectives. These factors include adhesins, invasins, toxins, and secretion systems. The enterotoxigenic pathotype (ETEC) was the first diarrheagenic pathotype whose pathogenic mechanism was identified between 1959 and 1967, and it was recognized as an independent pathotype. The ability to produce heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST), or both, is considered the most important characteristic of the enterotoxigenic pathotype.Materials and Methods:In this study, a total of 130 rectal swabs were collected from healthy sheep and goats in Kerman during the spring and summer of 2013. The collected swabs were cultured on selective media to confirm Escherichia coli isolates, which were further verified by biochemical tests. After DNA extraction using the boiling method, the isolates were examined for the presence of LT and ST genes using PCR.Results:The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of the enterotoxigenic pathotype was 39.99%, with the frequency of the LTI gene being 27.69% and the frequency of the STI gene being 12.30%.Conclusion:This study demonstrated that enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is present at a considerable frequency in healthy small ruminants in Kerman. The detection of LT and ST genes indicates the potential risk of transmission of these strains to humans. Therefore, regular monitoring and hygienic measures in livestock farms appear to be essential. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_721664.html Background and Aim: Broiler chickens have emerged as a suitable alternative to beef and pork in supplying protein for human populations due to their rapid growth rate and lower production costs. Broiler chicken production, as one of the main branches of the poultry industry, is considered among the most efficient forms of livestock production. With the continual rise in demand for chicken meat, this industry is persistently evolving through ongoing advancements in breeding, nutrition, and management strategies, all aimed at enhancing broiler production and productivity. The large-scale expansion of broiler farming can lead to challenges like reduced growth performance, higher disease incidence, and impaired intestinal function in broilers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the plant hormone gibberellin on villus length and crypt depth in the small intestine, a critical site for digestion and absorption of nutrients in broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: A total of 120 Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to four treatments: a control group and three groups receiving gibberellin at 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm in their drinking water, over a 42-day rearing period. The effects on villus length and crypt depth of the small intestine were evaluated.Results and Conclusion: Histological observations indicated that different levels of gibberellin significantly increased villus length in the upper 10% of the small intestine. However, other morphological parameters of the intestine were not influenced by gibberellin. Based on the overall findings, gibberellin does not appear to exert a substantial effect on small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726775.html The H9N2 subtype of influenza virus is endemic in various regions of Iran and has the ability to be transmitted from birds to humans, which makes it a potential candidate for future pandemics. Given the increasing interest among different segments of Iranian society in commercial poultry farming, the need for further research to increase understanding of the virus characteristics, pathogenesis, and associated risks to humans is clearly felt. This study evaluated the duration of infectivity of H9N2 influenza virus for humans in contact with infected chickens and determined the period of virus shedding from infected birds. In this study, allantoic fluid containing 10^6 EID50/ml of H9N2 influenza virus was intranasally inoculated into Ross chickens. Samples from the throat and feces of the birds were collected at different days after inoculation, and the presence of influenza virus was assessed using RT-PCR. This study showed that after infection, shedding of influenza virus from the throat and feces of birds can begin two days after infection and continue until days 10 and 17 after contact, and then spread to the surrounding environment. The findings suggest that the endemic Iranian H9N2 subtype can be shed from the throat and feces of commercial poultry and contribute to the environmental spread of the virus. The greatest risk from infected commercial poultry to humans occurs between days 2 and 5 after infection. Given the zoonotic nature of the influenza virus and the proximity of laying hen farms to urban areas, it is essential to increase public awareness about this disease, the modes of viral transmission, the duration of shedding, the potential risks to human health, and control and prevention strategies. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726776.html https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_721905.html Abstract:Background and Objective:The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant effects on public health and social behaviors. This study aims to investigate the impact of the pandemic on animal bite trends in specific age and gender groups, particularly focusing on women, the elderly, children, and the differences between urban and rural areas.Methods:Data on bite incidents were collected from the Canter Control Health Rabies between April 2016 and March 2023 in Razavi Khorasan province. A quantitative technique known as univariate time series analyses was used to analyze animal bite victims by their monthly occurrence, and excess cases were calculated.Results:During the COVID-19 pandemic, 40,324 bite cases were registered, with an estimated 32,087.83 cases (16,481.87; 47,693.78). Changes in trends for specific groups were as follows: women experienced a change of over 90%, the elderly had an estimated change of 43.38%, and in young pesons aged 11 to 20 had an estimated change of 26.80%. Notably, significant differences were observed between urban areas (91.14%) and rural areas (34.11%).Conclusions:The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered animal bite patterns, particularly among women, the elderly, and children. These changes highlight the need for targeted prevention strategies for rabies in these vulnerable groups, especially considering the disparities between urban and rural area https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_733831.html Background: White Muscle Disease (WMD) is a rare but significant metabolic disorder predominantly affecting young ruminants, particularly lambs. It arises from a deficiency of selenium and vitamin E and can manifest as sudden death, severe muscular weakness, or respiratory muscle failure. The aim of this study was to investigate a rare presentation of WMD in lambs characterized by respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, and to evaluate related clinical, pathological, and laboratory findings.Materials and Methods: Three 45-day-old lambs from a sheep flock were referred to the Veterinary Hospital with signs of coughing, diarrhea, and fever. One lamb died and underwent necropsy, while the remaining two were clinically examined. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count (CBC), total protein, and fibrinogen analysis. Supportive treatment consisting of vitamin E and selenium supplementation was administered to the surviving lambs.Results: Clinical examination revealed hyperthermia (39.5–40.5°C), tachypnea, tachycardia, and dehydration. Necropsy findings included pallor and whitening of cardiac, diaphragmatic, and thigh muscles, pulmonary congestion, and cortical pallor of the kidneys. Hematological analysis showed leukocytosis, elevated fibrinogen (1000 mg/dL), and increased total protein (8 g/dL). These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of WMD.Conclusion: The clinical, postmortem. necropsy, and laboratory findings in this report support the diagnosis of White Muscle Disease. The presence of prominent respiratory signs in this non-classical presentation highlights the need to include WMD in the differential diagnosis of respiratory conditions in young lambs. Early diagnosis and supplementation with selenium and vitamin E are recommended for effective management and prevention of mortality in susceptible flocks. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_719641.html ABSTRACTBackground and Aim: Sesamin is a major lignan constituent of sesame seed and considered as a key factor in a number of beneficial effects on human health. The intake of sesame leaves has been shown to improve and increase epididymal spermatocytes reserve in adult mice male. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a diet containing sesame seeds on epididymis histological structure of the adult male mice. Materials and Methods: Fifteen adult male mice were divided into three groups consisting of 5 mice each. Control group, first regime group and second regime group. The control group received a standard diet and the first treatment group received a diet containing 70% standard diet and 30% sesame seeds for 30 days, and the second treatment group received a diet containing 70% standard diet and 30% sesame seeds for 60 days. At the end of the period, the mice were weighed and euthanized, then the epididymis was removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for histological evaluation. After the usual steps of tissue section preparation, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and then the slides were studied and histologically evaluated. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and Tukey's test. P<0.05 was considered significant.Results and Conclusion: The histological results showed that the mean epididymal sperm count of the sesame group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) The mean epididymal diameter of the tubular and epithelium increased in the sesames group compared to the control group (p <0.05). Sesame seeds had no effect body weight of the rats. It seems that sesame having antioxidant properties can directly or indirectly have positive effects on the epididymis and improve fertility. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_720047.html       Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral infection known as one of the most important viral diseases in the Cattle and other ruminants, that suppresses the immune system and makes animals susceptible to other diseases. Considering that the most common form of this disease is the chronic form, it is not considered seriously in our country. Since in many dairy herds there are many infertility cases without any specific cause and there are no vaccinations or control programs against bovine viral diarrhea in dairy farms of Khorramabad, the need to investigate the prevalence of this disease in dairy farms across the region becomes obvious. Venous blood samples were obtained from 182 Holstein Cows of dairy of Khorramabad. Sera were maintained until testing at temperature of -20 oC. Serum samples were tested using indirect ELISA and commercial kits for inspecting specific antibodies of bovine viral diarrhea. From the total of 182 Cows that were studied, 118 cases were positive  (64.84%), 56 were negative (30.77%) and 8 were suspected (4.39%). In this study, age, season, diarrhea and abortion were evaluated by Chi-square test. Only abortion factors showed a significant difference (P=0.004). https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_724349.html Alpha-amylases belong to the endoamylase family, which perform the primary hydrolysis of starch to smaller oligosaccharides by breaking the (4→1)α bond. Among the different types of enzymes, alpha-amylases constitute an important group with wide applications in various industries. The use of free enzymes in various industries has limitations, including: high cost, lower stability, poor reusability, and difficulty in using them in continuous reactors. These limitations can be minimized by immobilizing the enzyme. Enzyme immobilization can be performed on various substrates. In the meantime, enzyme immobilization on nano-surfaces, especially magnetic nanoparticles, has received much attention due to their low toxicity, reusability of the enzyme along with increased stability and robust performance under various conditions. In this study, alpha-amylase enzyme immobilization was performed using Fe2O3 nanoparticles on a chitosan polymer substrate. For the initial production of the enzyme, an overnight culture of Bacillus mujavensis was inoculated into a specific liquid medium and incubated for 48 hours. The obtained enzyme was concentrated using ammonium sulfate and then dialyzed. The dialyzed enzyme was bound to Fe2O3 nanoparticles in a chitosan substrate in the presence of 50% glutaraldehyde (binding agent). The activity and stability of the enzyme immobilized with nanoparticles were measured at 540 nm and were found to be 53 and 48% higher than the free enzyme, respectively. The concentration of the immobilized enzyme was also estimated using a standard curve of 25 μg bovine serum albumin. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726767.html Background and Aim: In recent years, with the increase in world population, the demand for seafood has increased. Since seafood is one of the important protein sources for people, the fisheries and aquaculture industry has also shown sustainable growth worldwide, and diseases shared between humans and fish pose significant problems in the aquaculture and fisheries industries worldwide. created the world. So that these diseases can cause widespread threats to humans. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate and review some common diseases between humans and aquatic animals.Results: With the growth of world population and global trade, the risk of environmental pollution and zoonoses caused by aquatic animals is increasing in humans. The important agents of zoonoses include bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi. Meanwhile, zoonosis bacterial agents are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive (Mycobacteria, Streptococcus, and Erysiplothrix families) and Gram-negative (Aeromonas, Vibrios, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae families).Conclusion: Most common diseases between humans and fish are transmitted to humans mainly through the consumption of raw fish or its products. Therefore, the incidence of common diseases between humans and fish can be reduced by proper processing of fish and its products such as thermal processing (heat, freezing). The prevalence of common agents between humans and fish varies seasonally and should be regularly monitored to assess the prevalence of pathogens in both wild and farmed fish populations. The best way to reduce the risk of contracting these infections and diseases is to use appropriate public health practices and specific health protocols. This review focuses on the causes of common diseases between humans and fish and their control and prevention. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726292.html Introduction and Objective: The present study was conducted to molecularly search for Coxiella burnetii in raw milk samples collected from cows in western Iran (Lorestan Province).Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study. A total of 150 milk samples were collected from sheep herds in the regions of Khoramabad and Poldokhtar in Lorestan Province. In the winter of 2021, a series of milk samples were collected, with the geographical area and the age of the animals being recorded. Extraction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was conducted from all samples of milk. Subsequently, the nested-PCR reaction was utilized for the detection of C. burnetii, with the IS1111 transposon gene serving as the diagnostic target.Results: The results obtained from the IS1111 transposon amplification assay revealed that 95% of the examined milk samples (with a 95% confidence interval of 0.7-55%) were from a genome infected with C. burnetii. There was no significant difference in the excretion of C. burnetii in milk between the Pol-e Dokhtar and Khorramabad regions.Conclusion: The present study has demonstrated that sheep milk can be regarded as a significant source of transmission for the bacterium C. burnetii to subsequent hosts. It is imperative to acknowledge the considerable persistence of C. burnetii, attributable to its spore-like form, in order to fully comprehend the gravity of the risk posed by its transmission via raw milk and unpasteurized dairy products. Consequently, sheep milk should be regarded as a significant element in the epidemiology of Q fever and public health in Pol-e Dokhtar and Khorramabad regions of Lorestan province. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726768.html Periodontal diseases are recognized as some of the most common conditions among large and small breed dogs, significantly impacting their health and quality of life. This article reviews the latest findings on the etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases in dogs. These diseases are multifactorial, with microbial, intrinsic, and environmental factors, such as living conditions, playing a significant role in their induction and progression. The onset of the disease begins with the formation of dental plaque, and pet owners often visit the veterinarian with complaints of bad breath or halitosis. However, diagnosing the disease at its early stage is generally challenging for veterinarians. Diagnosis is typically based on a comprehensive oral examination and dental radiography, but in advanced cases of periodontitis, tooth mobility or gingivitis may also be observed. The primary treatment is tooth extraction, although scaling can be effective in the early stages of the disease. In more advanced cases, surgery is considered an effective intervention. Prevention of the disease is based on maintaining oral hygiene and consistent tooth brushing. Given the importance of early diagnosis and understanding the factors influencing the occurrence of periodontal disease, this article provides critical information on early diagnostic approaches, preventive strategies, and treatment options. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_719966.html Anaplasma belongs to Gram-negative obligate intracellular microorganisms that live in the blood cells of mammals. Vertebrates can be their only reservoir, that is, an environment where the pathogen can live and reproduce for years. However, many species of the genus Anaplasma cause disease in domestic animals and humans. Bovine anaplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma marginale, which is characterized by clinical symptoms including fever, anemia, anorexia, and as a result, reduced meat and milk production. Clinical symptoms are not always evident, but in the acute stage, it may cause high mortality in adult cattle. Recovered cows and infected calves remain carriers of this disease for life. The biological transmission of this bacterium is through ticks, so this disease is considered one of the most common and important diseases transmitted through vectors in cattle. The life cycle of Anaplasma includes vertebrates and Ixodidea ticks, in both of which the reproduction of bacteria takes place. Vertebrate hosts are considered reservoirs of these bacteria because they can cause persistent infections and act as a source of infection for tick vectors. Clinical diagnosis is based on the history, clinical symptoms, presence of vectors, methods of cattle breeding management, season, and clinical history of the disease. Early detection of bovine anaplasmosis allows better control and reduction of economic losses. Although a universal vaccine is not commercially available, there are many approaches worldwide to develop effective immunogens. Much research is still needed to develop better control strategies to improve cattle, human, and environmental health. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726769.html Background and Objective: Bacterial diseases pose significant concerns in the poultry industry, profoundly affecting the health and productivity of these animals. These diseases can lead to decreased production levels and quality of meat and eggs, increased treatment costs, and a reduction in livestock products. Approximately 50% of mortality in chicks occurs due to bacterial infections within the first week of life; therefore, understanding and controlling these infections is crucial. This paper identifies and examines prevalent and important bacterial diseases in poultry, including significant diseases such as colibacillosis, salmonellosis, necrotic enteritis, mycoplasmosis, fowl cholera, and campylobacteriosis. The bacterial agents responsible for these diseases, their modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, and control and prevention methods will also be analyzed. The objective of this article is to provide comprehensive information to producers and researchers aimed at improving health management in the poultry industry and reducing the incidence of bacterial diseases. Materials and methods: The search strategy in this study was as follows, using the terms bacterial diseases, poultry, colibacillosis, necrotic enteritis, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, pasteurellosis and also the English equivalent of these terms in Google Scholar. English and Farsi published articles related to this research were used to collect information.Results: Findings: The present study shows that the mentioned diseases, including bacillosis, salmonellosis, necrotic enteritis, mycoplasmosis, fowl cholera and campylobacteriosis in poultry, are zoonosis and transmission to humans due to causing economic losses to the agriculture and animal husbandry industry. have a special.Conclusion: Given the high importance of poultry health in food security, optimal control of these diseases can significantly enhance economic performance and public health within this sector. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_721904.html In foals, diarrhea is a significant health concern that can be attributed to various nutritional, management, infectious, and other factors. This study was conducted to investigate a case of diarrhea caused by Proteus bacteria in a foal. The foal with diarrhea was recorded according to its age, sex, and breed, and the sample was transferred to the microbiology laboratory on ice. The samples were then cultured in McConkie medium under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 37°C. Following the appearance of bacterial colonies, identification was performed using biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction targeting the 16S rRNA gene. To definitively confirm the isolated bacteria, the reaction product was sequenced, revealing that the isolated bacteria was the causative agent of Proteus diarrhea. The accession number of the identified Proteus bacteria in GenBank is OQ455941. In light of these findings, it can be concluded that Proteus may be a contributing factor to foal diarrhea, underscoring its potential public health significance. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726770.html Background and Aim: Many people recognize arthropods merely as nuisance creatures or vectors of dangerous diseases, and for this reason, they seek to combat and destroy them. However, the reality is that there are much more important dimensions to this issue that are often overlooked. One of the main concerns in biological research and control is the threat of "bioterrorism." As one of the most destructive weapons available, bioterrorism, with its low cost, easy access and preparation, high efficiency and effectiveness, as well as rapid spread, is readily available to terrorist groups. One of the important tools in bioterrorism is the use of insects as disease vectors; a topic that is often neglected. These creatures, as biological warfare agents, easily cross borders, reproduce rapidly, and are able to spread various diseases on a large scale in a short period of time. This poses a serious threat to global health security. This article aims to address recent concerns about the use of insects as biological weapons and emphasize the importance of this issue in health security around the world. Another goal of this article is to draw the attention of researchers in the fields of biomedicine and health to the potential dangers of using arthropods as biological weapons.Conclusion: The aim is to direct future research priorities to these important and vital issues so that appropriate solutions can be provided to counter these threats. This issue is not only a scientific challenge, but also a vital security and health issue for human societies. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_722083.html Campylobacter is considered one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and due to its high potential for contamination and transmission through food, especially red meats, it has garnered significant attention. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of Campylobacter bacteria in beef samples collected from Urmia County. In this research, 30 beef samples were randomly collected from various butcher shops in Urmia County in the year 2023 and subjected to molecular testing. DNA was extracted from the analyzed beef samples, and to identify the genus Campylobacter, the Nested-PCR method based on the 16S rRNA gene was employed. This technique allowed us to accurately identify the presence of Campylobacter bacteria and differentiate between its various species. The results indicated that out of the 30 beef samples tested, 4 samples (equivalent to 13%) were contaminated with Campylobacter bacteria. These findings suggest that beef can play a significant role in the epidemiology and prevalence of Campylobacter in Urmia County. The relatively high prevalence of Campylobacter in beef supports the notion that these animals act as potential reservoirs for the bacteria, and therefore, greater attention must be directed towards sources of contamination and routes of transmission to humans. Since Campylobacter is primarily transmitted through the consumption of undercooked meats and contamination resulting from a lack of hygiene during meat processing, these results underscore the necessity for broader studies focused on identifying and controlling this bacterium. Furthermore, implementing appropriate strategies for controlling and preventing Campylobacter-related diseases in the community can help reduce the incidence of gastroenteritis and improve public health. Ultimately, achieving successful outcomes in this regard requires interdisciplinary collaboration and consideration of the health, environmental, and economic aspects of this issue. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726771.html Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) have gained attention in recent years as an innovative approach for treating diseases and repairing tissues in the field of veterinary medicine. These cells, characterized by their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into various types of connective tissue cells, have become a promising and effective tool in clinical therapies, particularly due to their immunomodulatory properties. Mesenchymal stem cells are categorized into different groups based on their differentiation potential and their source. Among the various sources of stem cells, adult mesenchymal stem cells currently appear to be the most suitable for therapeutic purposes, as they have simple isolation and culture techniques, and these cells have a very limited teratogenic risk compared to pluripotent stem cells. Significant advances have been made in the development of safe and effective stem cell therapies in recent years. Mesenchymal stem cells can aid in wound healing and scar reduction, showing considerable potential in the repair and regeneration of various tissues in animals. The mechanism of action of these cells includes the release of growth factors, modulation of immune response, and promotion of angiogenesis. Thus, this review study aims to explore the capabilities of mesenchymal stem cells as a powerful therapeutic method in treating disorders and diseases of various tissues, including the skin, musculoskeletal system, digestive tract, and eyes in different animals. The purpose of the present study as a comprehensive review of this novel treatment and can act as a guide for researchers and veterinarians to optimally utilize the capabilities of mesenchymal stem cells in treating diseases and tissue injuries in various livestock. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726773.html The poultry industry is one of the most significant strategic industries globally, with a direct connection to food security and the macroeconomic stability of various countries. Newcastle Disease (ND) is one of the most significant viral diseases in the poultry industry, representing a serious threat to poultry producers due to its highly contagious nature and substantial economic losses. This disease is caused by avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) and, depending on the viral strain, can manifest a variety of clinical symptoms including respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal issues in poultry. Rapid transmission of the virus through bodily secretions, airborne particles, contaminated equipment, and wild birds complicates the control of this disease. Biosecurity strategies, such as quarantine, continuous disinfection, regulated entry and exit, and optimal management of feed and drinking water, play a crucial role in reducing the risk of disease outbreaks. Vaccination is recognized as one of the most effective control measures, employing various vaccine types including live, inactivated, and recombinant vaccines to immunize flocks. In addition, integrated management practices including continuous flock monitoring, the use of immune-boosting supplements, and prompt application of control measures during outbreaks significantly contribute to disease control. Besides traditional approaches, advancements in new-generation vaccines, nanovaccines, and the application of digital technologies for monitoring flock health have raised new hopes for more effective control of Newcastle Disease. Ultimately, meticulous implementation of prevention and control programs, continuous education of poultry producers, and adoption of innovative methods can substantially mitigate the economic impact of Newcastle Disease on the poultry industry. This article provides a review of methods for the prevention and control of Newcastle Disease. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_726774.html Background and Aim: Pemphigus and pemphigoid are medical conditions named after the Greek word for "blister". They have been identified in humans as well as several animals such as horses, dogs, cats, and goats. They are a group of autoimmune disorders characterized by vesicle formation. Materials and Methods: A 10-month-old female Scottish cat, weighing 2.80 kg referred to the clinic with evidence of skin ulceration hair loss on the scalp, and excessive itching which caused increased anxiety. The cat showed regular eating habits, consumed an adequate amount of food and water, and had normal breathing rate, heart rate, capillary refill time, and body temperature. The cat resided in a restricted urban setting, and the proprietor verified that it had not undergone any surgeries or suffered from any illnesses or allergies related to specific foods or medications since it was born. The blood test showed a slight increase in the neutrophil count. Nonetheless, the infection persisted despite the veterinarian's efforts to treat it with antiparasitic tablets, terbinafine, ketoconazole shampoo, and avermectin over the past two months. Results and Conclusion: Bullous pemphigoid was verified to be present after a biopsy of the skin lesions and subsequent examination using a light microscope. Appropriate medical care was given, and the regrowth of hair on its skin surface. Histopathology plays a crucial role in diagnosing the etiology of dermatological diseases in small animals. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_729510.html Mastitis remains one of the most significant diseases in dairy cattle, leading to reduced milk yield and quality, increased treatment costs, premature culling, and shortened herd longevity, thereby imposing considerable economic losses on the dairy industry. Conventional antibiotic-based therapies, despite their relative efficacy, are associated with major challenges such as drug costs, antibiotic residues in milk, extended withdrawal periods, and, most critically, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This issue not only threatens animal health but also raises serious concerns for food safety and public health. In recent years, non-antibiotic alternatives such as phage therapy, bacteriocins, probiotics, postbiotics, nanotechnology-based formulations, and novel compounds like pectin have been introduced as promising candidates. Most of these findings have been generated in laboratory settings or small animal models; however, their translation to live animals and field conditions continues to face multiple barriers. Intramammary formulations represent a critical turning point in this process, playing a fundamental role in efficacy, stability, controlled release, and tissue safety of these agents. Current evidence indicates that many non-antibiotic compounds perform effectively in vitro but are influenced by pharmacological and physiological constraints within the living udder. Moreover, robust data on their capacity to reduce antibiotic consumption, mitigate AMR, and improve economic outcomes remain limited. This review critically examines non-antibiotic therapies for bovine mastitis, with particular emphasis on intramammary delivery systems and the obstacles hindering their clinical adoption. Finally, the article highlights existing knowledge gaps regarding pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, tissue safety, and large-scale field trials, and outlines future research pathways aimed at advancing practical applications and reducing dependency on antibiotics. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_733832.html Background and Objectives: Brucellosis is one of the most significant zoonotic diseases, particularly prevalent in livestock-rearing regions such as Dargaz County. Factors including proximity to borders, extensive animal husbandry activities, and the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products contribute to the elevated risk of infection. This study aimed to accurately estimate the true prevalence of brucellosis and comprehensively evaluate the health surveillance system in Dargaz in 2024, utilizing the capture–recapture statistical method.Materials and Methods: This descriptive–analytical study was based on 37 brucellosis cases reported by the county’s public health surveillance system in 2024. To enhance accuracy and assess potential underreporting, additional data were collected from complementary sources such as hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and diagnostic laboratories. Datasets were integrated using capture–recapture methodology, and analyses were performed using R software. Coverage of family physician services was also assessed.Results: Final analysis estimated the actual number of cases to be approximately 45, indicating a 22% increase over official surveillance data. Over 80% of patients resided in rural areas, predominantly within the 20–40 age group. Despite full coverage of the family physician program, an average diagnostic delay of 10 days and limited coordination—especially with pharmacies—were identified as major system challenges.Conclusion: The capture–recapture method played a vital role in identifying hidden cases, evaluating surveillance completeness, and highlighting documentation gaps. This study underscores the importance of enhancing intersectoral coordination, accelerating diagnosis, expanding preventive education, and strengthening data-driven infrastructure to achieve sustainable and precise brucellosis control. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_733833.html Repeat breeding syndrome in the cow is indicated by normal clinical health and estrous cycle, however, by 3 to 4 or more natural mating by bull and sperm insemination per each pregnancy. In the big farms with artificial insemination, there are several problems in estrous detection, insemination time and pregnant cows breeding which affect repeat breeding syndrome and infertility within the herd. Because of several reasons of repeat breeding syndrome among the cattle and herds, detection and treatment of repeat breeding syndrome needs the abundant knowledge and information. By increment in the herd size, the occurrence of repeat breeder syndrome in the cows also increases. The etiology of repeat breeding syndrome due to the multiple genetic and environmental factors is usually difficult. External and internal factors which commonly overlap together and thud they cause the difficult primary detection of the repeat breeding syndrome. The common reasons of the repeat breeding syndrome are including endocrine disorders, malnutrition and infectious agents. Increment of the calving interval causes increase in the farm costs and reproductive performance. Therefore, the diagnosis of the probable reasons of repeat breeding syndrome and resolving them, protect economic losses and improving herd reproductive performance. https://jahid.lu.ac.ir/article_733834.html The growth and development of the central nervous system is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Over the past decade, it has been shown that the activity of microorganisms residing in the gut (microbiome) has direct and indirect effects on the structure and function of the central nervous system. Metabolites produced by gut microbes may cross the intestinal barrier and enter the circulatory system, and by crossing the blood-brain barrier, reach the central nervous system and affect its functions. The gut microbiome can also increase the secretion of bioactive substances by intestinal epithelial endocrine cells. Microbial compounds such as lipopolysaccharide and other metabolites produced by the microbiota can activate the immune system and directly affect the central nervous system through the release of cytokines. Gut bacteria influence the growth, development, and function of the central nervous system by regulating neurogenesis, myelination, modulating glial cell function, synaptic plasticity, and blood-brain barrier permeability, and are implicated in various disorders. Central nervous system disorders such as depression, anxiety, and Alzheimer's disease affect the quality of life of patients and pose a significant economic and social burden worldwide. Due to their obscure and complex pathogenesis, current treatments for these diseases have limited efficacy. In addition to direct interactions between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system, the gut microbiota and their metabolites can regulate epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. This review discusses the tripartite relationship between the gut microbiota, epigenetic processes, and central nervous system disorders. According to the information provided, it can be seen that gut microbes and their metabolites influence the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders at the epigenetic level. This could help in the development of effective therapeutic strategies for central nervous system disorders.